CALL+Terms

//**- CMC**//
CMC stands for **computer-mediated-communication** and it can be defined as any communicative interaction between two or more people. CMC can be occurred via text messaging, different forms of chatting, e-mails and any sorts of interaction that are possible in virtual environment.

CMC is one of the various ways of socializing and networking, it's benefiting from being free from time and place. CMC is useful for letting people share ideas & exchange information.

CMC can also be used in language teaching and as Warschauer claimed "information and communications technology bridge the historic divide between speech and writing”.

CMC has two types, ** synchronous ** & ** asynchronous. **

//- wikipedia.org// //- edutechwiki// //- December, J. (1997)// //- Riva, G. (1998)//
 * References**

**//- NETIQUETTE//**
Netiquette is a collection of different principles and regulations which helps to make using the Internet flattering and enjoyable for all it users. Following netiquette brings safety to the virtual environment and let different people from all over the world be in contact with each other in a very safe and pleasant environment.

Netiquette is very useful for newbies to learn how to act in a big virtual environment, they can learn how to send emails, the way they've to reply a message; how to treat in chat rooms, etc.

Netiquette helps you to be noticed that emotions should also be considered, for instance it tells you better not to write all your email/letter in capital letters, it may convey a kind of rudeness. If you want to emphasize on a word, put it between starts or you can underline it too. Using emoticons may also be helpful in expressing feelings and emotions.

Netiquette also tells us to be brief in replying a message, using white space with no background color, be concise, to the point, stay on topic and do not beat around the bushes. It let us know some significant points in replying a message such as being careful about attachments, about forwarding unread messages, disclosing others addresses and so on and so forth.

Blogs, wikis and whatever related to the Internet are affected by the rules and regulations of netiquette.

//- en.wikipedia.org// //- livinginternet.com// //- alibon.com// //- networketiquette.net//
 * References**

**//- MALL//**
MALL stands for **//*Mobile Assisted Language Learning*//** and can be considered as e-learning or/and distant education but it mostly focuses on learning across mobile. MALL is defined as any sort of learning in which learners are not confined to any special time and place, learners are taking advantage of learning a language whenever and/or wherever a mobile device is available. It lessens the constraints of learning location with the mobility of any portable devices.

MALL not only includes the mobility of **//*learners*//**, but also it's about //***instructors***// and //***materials***// ; it can easily bring more amusement and entertainment in the classrooms context.

MALL has different values such as bringing new technology or the classrooms, using blended learning approach, and removing the restrictions of locations and time. At the same time lots of challenges can be introduced to the term MALL, as the problem of connectivity, the cost of using the Internet on mobile devices, battery life, the size of screen and key size and so many other drawbacks which a learner may confront in using a mobile device for learning a language.

** References ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Kukulska-Hulme & Sheild, 2008. //An overview of Mobile assisted language learning: from content delivery to supported to collaboration and interaction// <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//- wikipedia.org//

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">E-assessment is the use of computer and technology to assess different skills and knowledge in particular areas. It can be done either as //**on-screen testing**// in which student's work is assessed and marked instantly or as an **//e-portfolio//**, i.e. learners' answers are stored and marked later. E-assessment can be used for both **//cognitive//** and //**practical**// activities, e-testing system is applicable for cognitive types of activities and usually e-portfolios is used for evaluating practical ones.

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">In order to use e-assessment at least two components are needed, one is an *//**assessment engine***//, i.e. any hardware and software required to create and deliver a test and the other is an * //** item bank* **//, i.e. different types of tests, questions, and activities relevant to the subject which is supposed to be evaluated. Installation of an assessment engine is easier than creating an item bank, because an assessment engine can be applied once and be used for different array of activities but creating an item bank is not only costy and time-consuming, but also it should be designed and specified for any particular skill and item separately.

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">E-assessment is usually used for more complicated and sophisticated activity and knowledge in which students are asked to be more interactive, think more critically and do problem - solving.

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">E-assessment is advantageous is giving instant feedback to the students; it has more flexibility; it has no limitation of time and place; it's more reliable than human; it has more impartiality, i.e. as there's no human involved and the machine doesn't know the students, the judgement and marking is more real; it has developed question styles; it remove the burden from the administrative' shoulders and it gives a kind of richer assessment experience to any individuals who are involved in learning and teaching process. But it should be noted that apart from its large amount of merits e-assessment has, some disadvantages are also mentioned such as, using e-assessment is a bit expensive and costy, it's not suitable for all types of activity and assessment and finally it may take long time to train administrative, teachers and even students to learn how to work with it and also get use to it.

//<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- wikipedia.org // //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- ocr.org.uk // //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Effective practice with e-assessment : jisk.ac.uk (2006) // //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- e-assessment glossary : jisk.ac.uk (2007) // //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- qca.org.uk (2007) //
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">References **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//- Blended Leaerning// **
<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Blended learning can be defined as the mixture of different learning environments, it's the combination of **<span style="color: #e48926; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//traditional face-to-face// ** <span style="color: #e48926; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//**classrooms**// and <span style="color: #e48926; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**//modern computer-mediated//** //**situations**//. In blended learning technology is really crucial and it may facilitate the process of learning.

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">"You may have blended learning described as //***integrative learning*, *hybrid learning***//, and //***multi-method learning***//" (Node 2001).

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">In blended learning it's been tried to mix the best parts and aspects of both teaching/learning environments, give learners the chance to experience a better scope of interactivity; it may facilitate learning and create new etiquette of teaching/learning process. Blended learning also changes the focus of<span style="color: #14c6c6; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> //**teacher-oriented classes**// to <span style="color: #14c6c6; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**//learner-oriented classes//**.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**References** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//- weblearning.psu.edu// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//- wlv.ac.uk (University of Wolverhampton)// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//- wikipedia.org// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">//- Blended Learning / Educause by CD Dziuban 2004// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> =<span style="color: #ff008d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">**//- Phishing//** = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Phishing is the act of sending e-mails or even instant messages to different users wrongly in order to access their personal and financial information such as username, password, account number, credit card number, etc. Most of the time these e-mails are come from very famous and reliable websites and they're claimed that they are all legal and trustworthy.

<span style="color: #446444; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Phishing can be considered as spyware but the thing is different in spyware is that it just collects the personal information of users without their knowledge.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- onguardonline.gov <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- webopedia.com <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- techtarget.com <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- en.wikipedia.org <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">References **